JAFERRER GERMAN/ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS SERVICES

Scholarly translation

The translation of specialised texts written in an academic environment.

Scholarly translation should not be confused with pedagogical translation.

Technical translation

The translation of technical texts (manuals, instructions, etc.).

More specifically, texts that contain a high amount of terminology, that is, words or expressions that are used (almost) only within a specific field, o...

Medical translation

The translation of works of a medical nature.

Like pharmaceutical translation, medical translation is specialisation where a mistranslation can have grave consequences.

Pedagogical translation

Translation practised as a means of learning a second language.

Pedagogical translation is used to enrich (and to assess) the student's vocabulary in the second language, to help assimilate new syntacti...

Legal translation

Main article: Legal translation

The translation of legal documents (laws, contracts, treaties, etc.).

A skilled legal translator is normally as adept at the law (often with in-depth legal training) as with translation, since inaccuracies in legal translations can have serious results.

(One example of problematic translation is the Treaty of Waitangi, where the English and Maori versions differ in certain importa...

Any type of written text can be a candidate for translation, however, the translation industry is often categorised by a number of areas of specialization. Each specialisation has its own challenges and difficulties. An incomplete list of these specialised types of translation includes:

Administrative translation

The translation of administrative texts.

Commercial translation

The translation of comme...

As the goal of translation is to ensure that the source and the target texts communicate the same message while taking into account the various constraints placed on the translator, a successful translation can be judged by two criteria:

1. Faithfulness, also called fidelity, which is the extent to which the translation accurately renders the meaning of the source text, without adding to it or subtracting from it, and without intensifying or weakening any ...

The translation process, whether it be for translation or interpreting, can be described simply as:

1. Decoding the meaning of the source text, and

2. Re-encoding this meaning in the target language.

To decode the meaning of a text the translator must first identify its component "translation units", that is to say the segments of the text to be treated as a cognitive unit. A translation unit may be a word, a phrase or even one or more sentences. ...

A distinction is made between translation, which consists of transferring from one language to another ideas expressed in writing, and interpreting, which consists of transferring ideas expressed orally or by the use of gestures (as in the case of sign language).

Although interpreting can be considered a subcategory of translation in regard to the analysis of the processes involved (translation studies), in practice the skills required for these two activities are quite dif...

"Translation" is, etymologically, a "carrying across" or "bringing across": the Latin translatio derives from transferre (trans, "across" + ferre, "to carry" or "to bring"). The modern European languages, Romance, Germanic and Slavic, have generally formed their own equivalent terms for this concept after the Latin model: after transferre or after the kindred traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across"). Additionally, the Greek term for "translation," metaphrasis (a "speaking across"), h...

What is Translation?

Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language — the source text — and the production, in another language, of a new, equivalent text — the target text, or translation.

Traditionally, translation has been a human activity, although attempts have been made to automate and computerize the translation of natural-language texts — machine translation — or to ...

The author set himself two major targets in writing this volume. First, to present the role of translation in the dissemination, throughout history, of scientific knowledge; and second, to underpin this claim for a vital role for translation by means of case studies which illustrate its contribution to the development of Western science. The reader thus expects from the outset a major work involving breadth and depth of reading across not just centuries, but millennia, with examples from all ...